Introduction to Second Generation Computers
The second generation of computers (1956-1963) marked a revolutionary shift from vacuum tubes to transistors. This transition brought about significant improvements in size, reliability, and efficiency. Transistors, invented at Bell Labs in 1947, were much smaller, more reliable, and generated less heat than vacuum tubes.
Key Features
Transistor Technology
Used transistors as primary electronic components, making them smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes.
Magnetic Core Memory
Introduced magnetic core memory, which was faster and more reliable than previous storage methods.
High-Level Languages
Saw the development of FORTRAN, COBOL, and other high-level programming languages.
Improved Performance
Significantly faster processing speeds and greater reliability than first-generation computers.
More Details
Notable Computers
Several important computers were developed during the second generation:
- IBM 1401 (1959): One of the most successful computers of its time, with over 10,000 units sold.
- UNIVAC 1107 (1962): Featured thin-film memory and advanced architecture.
- IBM 7090 (1959): A transistorized version of the IBM 709, widely used in scientific applications.
Programming Evolution
The second generation saw the development of high-level programming languages that made computers more accessible:
- FORTRAN (1957): First high-level programming language
- COBOL (1959): Business-oriented programming language
- ALGOL (1958): Influential language for algorithm description
- LISP (1958): First language for artificial intelligence
Global Development
Computer development spread globally during this period:
- Japan's first transistorized computer, the ETL Mark III (1956)
- Soviet Union's M-20 computer (1959)
- Britain's Ferranti Atlas (1962), one of the world's first supercomputers
History and Milestones
1947
Transistor invented at Bell Labs by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley.
1956
First fully transistorized computer, the TX-0, is completed at MIT.
1959
IBM 1401 and IBM 7090 introduced, becoming highly successful second-generation computers.
1962
UNIVAC 1107 introduced, featuring thin-film memory.
1963
Introduction of the first minicomputer, the PDP-8, marking the beginning of the third generation.